Bandrunir In Icelandic Sagas

Book: Bandrunir In Icelandic Sagas by Mindy Macleod

The Sagas of Icelanders (Icelandic: Islendingasogur)—many of which are also known as family sagas—are prose histories mostly describing events that took place in Iceland in the 10th and early 11th centuries, during the so-called Saga Age. They are the best-known specimens of Icelandic literature. The Icelanders' sagas are a literary phenomenon of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. They are focused on history, especially genealogical and family history. They reflect the struggle and conflict that arose within the societies of the second and third generations of Icelandic settlers. The authors of these sagas are unknown. One, Egils saga, is believed by many modern scholars to have been written by Snorri Sturluson, a descendant of the saga's hero, but this remains uncertain. The standard modern edition of Icelandic Sagas is known as Islenzk Fornrit.

Runic echoes permeate saga literature; the runes of divine origin, runar reginkunnar, of the Sparlosa and Noleby stones recur in Havamal, while the evocative Swedish Skarpaker runestone (Jor > skal rifna ok upphiminn) or the Danish Ribe stick (Jor > bi > ek uar>a ok upphiminn) are strongly reminiscent of Germanic poetry (cf. Jansson 1987: 140f.). References to elves and trolls, and even Invocations to pagan deities occur in medieval runic inscriptions, attesting to a continuing appreciation of Norse legends (Liestol 1964: 37; Hagland 1994: 132), while runic poetry in the metres of drottkvaett, hrynhenda, ljpahattr and galdralag testify to the continuance of the scaldic and eddic literary tradition. There are several runic inscriptions reminiscent of poems known from the Edda or other Norse Literature (Liestol 1964: 29ff.) and, more significantly, fragments of identifiable Norse poetry recur among the medieval runic inscriptions. 1 The runic corroboration of saga verse is an important historical record of the survival of this literary tradition. From Trondheim comes a rune-stick (A 142) 1 These include B 249, containing part of a lausavIsa in drottkvaett, GamanvIsur

Download Mindy Macleod's eBook: Bandrunir In Icelandic Sagas

Free eBooks (Can Be Downloaded):

Stephen Flowers - The Galdrabok An Icelandic Grimoire
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Mindy Macleod - Bandrunir In Icelandic Sagas

Heathens And Heathen Faith Some Frequently Asked Questions

Book: Heathens And Heathen Faith Some Frequently Asked Questions by The Troth

Perhaps the best-known heathen god is Odin. He is the god of many things: inspiration, ecstasy, poetry, healing, and death; it was he who won knowledge of the Mysteries of the universe which we call the runes. Thor is the god whose great might we feel in thunderstorms. The lightning is his Hammer, the weapon with which he defends Midgard, the world of humans; the rain that he brings makes the fields fruitful. Tyr is the upholder of right order and justice, both among humans and in the entire universe. Frey is invoked for peace and plenty; he and Odin were also the founders and protectors of many dynasties of Heathen kings. His father Njordh watches over the sea, ships, sailors, wealth, and trade.

Our goddesses are no less holy and mighty than our gods. Frigga, whom we see as Odin’s wife, protects homes and families. Freya rules over magic, sexuality, and riches; she also takes half of those slain in battle. Idunna tends the golden apples that keep the gods young; she inspires new strength and joy to spring up in our hearts. Skadhi’s might is seen in the winter; Ostara is the bringer of spring. Earth herself is a mighty goddess, who gives food to all.

These deities were known by different names in different Germanic cultures—in Anglo-Saxon England, for example, Odin was Woden and Thor was Thunor. There are many other deities who were and are worshipped. Often, a Heathen will choose one of the gods or goddesses as a special patron and friend—or perhaps be chosen by a patron deity. However, Heathens honor all the Gods and goddesses of the North. Heathens believe in and honor spirits of the home and the land, who can be helpful in many ways if treated well, or disruptive if ignored. Heathens honor their own worthy ancestors as well. Check out the Troth resources, listed on the back of this pamphlet, to find out more about our gods and ways.

Download The Troth's eBook: Heathens And Heathen Faith Some Frequently Asked Questions

Books in PDF format to read:

John Fiske - Myths And Myth Makers Old Tales And Superstitions
The Troth - Introduction To The Runes Some Frequently Asked Questions
The Troth - Heathen Ethics And Values Some Frequently Asked Questions
The Troth - Heathen Gods And Rites Some Frequently Asked Questions
The Troth - Heathens And Heathen Faith Some Frequently Asked Questions

The Scale Of Asatru

1. Asatru is an open religion which anyone can join. There are, however, certain Things That must be done in certain ways, certain points of theology that must be strictly adhered to and certain beliefs that must be held. Anyone who doesn't agree with all of these points simply isn't Tru and can be deemed "traitors" to the Gods. One of these points that everyone must agree to is that Asatru is open to people of all races, and those who believe otherwise are not welcome and should be actively denounced so that there is no confusion of their beliefs with those of real Asatruar. I will only worship alongside those who follow the same beliefs.

2. Anyone who wants to become Asatru can, regardless of racial or cultural history. Individuals have the freedom to choose any religion to follow, and I will defend and uphold that right. All are welcome to my Kindred and I will worship alongside any Tru man or woman.

3. As the ties to the Aesir and Vanir are often ties to our ancestors (racial, cultural or ethnic), it is more unusual for those of non-Northern European heritage to be Asatru, but it is not impossible. I accept that the Gods and goddesses will call to them whomever they choose and will worship alongside any Tru man or woman.

4. Only those of Northern European background can truly follow the path of Asatru. This does not imply that people of other races are in any way "less" than those of Teutonic heritage, only that they are different. All races and ethnic groups are equal in freedom to make a life of worth, and the theologies and pantheons that are connected to a non-Northern European heritage are every bit as valid and important as Asatru. By the same token, all non-Teutonic ethnic paths are just as closed to me as Asatru is to others. I feel it is of greatest value to follow the path of the your cultural and ethnic background, as these forces have had a great impact on who you are. Because I acknowledge and respect the validity of the various paths, however, I am willing worship with those who respect our Gods but are not of our path or ethnic group, and will certainly worship with any Tru man or woman.

5. Only those of Northern European heritage can be Asatru, and Northern European races should separate from all other races. This does not imply that people of other races are in any way "less" than those of Teutonic heritage, only that they are different and that we have an obligation to keep the Northern European blood pure in honor of our Gods. There may even be merit in allying With Other races who also value the separation of racial and ethnic groups and religious paths. I will only worship alongside those who are also of Teutonic heritage.

6. Only those of Northern European heritage can be Asatru and the European races and ethnic groups are superior to all other races and ethnic groups. Aryans are the only true humans, and as such have an obligation to keep the racial and ethnic blood pure. If the only way to achieve this is to rid the world of the lesser races, then so be it. Only true Aryans can worship the Aesir and Vanir.

Free eBooks (Can Be Downloaded):

Aleister Crowley - The Soul Of Osiris
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Eihwaz Rune

Eihwaz means yew. It's a sacred tree in Runic Magical Tradition and its wood was used to make arrows. It's connected to the God of hunt Ull, whose sacred weapon was the bow. Yew was used to make poison that arrow-heads were tipped in, seeing how this tree's sap is poisonous. However, yew was also used in shamanic practices. Namely, during the summer, the great heat would cause the trees to exude a psychoactive substance. Practitioners would then meditate under that tree and use those natural fumes for shamanic journeys. Naturally, this practice was not recommended if the shaman who practised it was not completely prepared and trained. Eihwaz also signifies Yggdrasil as the tree Odin sacrificed Himself to Himself. This event manifests itself on the mental plain as a symbolic death of the adept, that is his old Self. However we consider Eihwaz, it will carry in itself death and Transformation from one state into another. This is the Rune of facing oneself, the symbolic descent into the underground kingdom of Hel.

Divination:

Positive meaning: transformation in a positive way, facing onself, change.

Negative meaning: weakness, destruction, inability to overcome oneself.

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Stephen Flowers - Black Runa
Karl Hans Welz - Armanen Runes
Samael Aun Weor - Magic Runes

The Sumbel And The Blot

Key among the ritual structures developed by McNallen and Stine are the Sumbel (alternately spelled as symbel) and the Blot, drawn from Old Norse–Icelandic literary sources such as the Eddas and Sagas and other Germanic texts and traditions. The Sumbel is a drinking ritual, typically performed indoors, that may take place at any time or occasion agreed on by participants. In this ritual, as a drinking horn full of mead or other alcoholic beverage is passed and poured into individual drinking vessels or drunk from directly, a series of toasts are made, offering verbal tribute first to the Norse gods and supernatural beings, then to heroes and ancestors, and then to others. Oaths may also be made during a Sumbel, as well as “boasts,” or promises of future actions that participants intend to perform. Such oaths and boasts are considered solemn and binding on the speakers, which underlines the significance of the Sumbel as something much more than a mere drinking party. The words spoken in the Sumbel are considered consecrated and powerful and are visualized as entering the Well of Wyrd, the matrix of time and fate in Norse mythology, to become part of the individual and collective destiny of those assembled on the occasion.

The Blot begins with invocations of the gods, similar to those pronounced in the Sumbel. Mead is once more involved, but whereas this is drunk from a horn passed around to the participants in the Sumbel, mead is contained in a sacred bowl in the Blot and not drunk but sprinkled onto the participants and onto altars and images of the gods by the priest or priestess, who performs this action with a sprig or branch of an evergreen tree dipped into the mead. At the conclusion of the rite, the mead is poured into the ground or into the fire as a final offering to the gods or ancestral spirits. A series of publications by McNallen (1986) offers suggestions about Blots for particular deities and occasions.

In past Nordic tradition, the Blot originally involved a ritual of animal sacrifice. Blood, the literal meaning of the word Blot, was caught from the slit throat of the slain animal in a sacred bowl and sprinkled onto participants and then poured or smeared onto images of the gods positioned on altars. Most modern Nordic Pagans have chosen to substitute mead for blood, while believing that they are preserving the same meaning of a distribution of life force between the participants and their gods. The ancient ritual would end with the participants feasting on the slain animal, cooked after its sacrifice. Modern Nordic Pagans likewise conclude their Blots with a feast.

Though the Sumbel and the Blot are the most well-known and widely shared forms of ritual in the overall Nordic Pagan community, there are others as well. These include Seid or Seith (Icelandic Sei?r), a Shamanistic practice involving trancelike, oracular states used for contacting gods and spirits (Blain 2002) and life cycle rites for births, comings of age, weddings, and funerals (McNallen 1986).

Free eBooks (Can Be Downloaded):

Aleister Crowley - The Soul Of The Desert
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Were You Born With Psychic Abilities

Are some people born with psychic abilities.? The quickest answer is yes, however all of us have traits to some extent, we just do not see it.. In this post i wanted to focus on how to deal with these traits. To many being born with psychic abilities sounds fun, however in reality it can be quite frightening to those that are really having them and not sure what they are.

So let's begin, like anyone being born with a gift, some people are gifted with music, some with singing and some with whatever you can throw out there.. The same goes with psychic traits.

BORN PSYCHIC..

Some people have the psychic trait thrown at them, they may see ghosts, they may be able to hear voices, they also may be able to predict the future or know where lost items are and many more.. These are just some to name.. However did they choose this ability, did they want to hear voices or see ghosts or what ever it is? Was it a choice or decision already made.

"The truth is some have to open doors over time to the psychic world, while some already have them open."

The first thing one wants to do in this circumstance is try not to fear it, first off. This will not help, it will just make you more upset each experience you have. Secondly work out your main psychic trait. And thirdly and lastly see another psychic in that area of ability to help better understand your condition. You may be lost with what you have, however many others would have been where you are now and can help you with your condition.

PSYCHIC STEPS OF ACTION - OVERVIEW

1. ) Do not fear, fear is not constructive and can even make you contact negative forces.

2. ) Work out your main Psychic Trait in question.

3. ) See another well known psychic with the same traits for better understanding of your condition for using or controlling..

"Being Psychic is not like X-men or the Movies, it is more like an extra sense.. It is an experience inside that has changed many peoples lives across the world. "

CONTROL THE EXPERIENCE AND KNOW WHAT YOU HAVE..

The last one is so important for those trying to control the experience in particular for those that may think they are crazy when in reality they are not. In particular with seeing ghosts, so many people have in there minds seeing has to be a hallucination so they may see many doctors, get tests done to no avail..

This is not saying, to not see doctors to check if it is not some medical condition, this is just saying that once that is ruled (all medical cleared) out then that's when you can evaluate the psychic option. And I can tell you, there are plenty of psychics out there, ranging from mediums to healers to future tellers etc.. All of them had to go through a transition of sorts to trust there own psychic abilities and to understand themselves.

WELCOME TO THE PSYCHIC WORLD!

So in conclusion if you were born with a Psychic ability try not to see it like a weakness, instead try to see it like it is you. Your view on this amazing world. This is what makes you, you. Excepting and understanding can go a long way.

Nazis And Odinism

“Many individuals who were involved in the rise of Hitler’s Third Reich were known to have been Odinists” (Baysinger). Although the extent to which Hitler and Nazis were involved in Odinism or its modern revival is controversial, there is ample evidence of a connection between Nazism and Odinism.

Neo-Nazis are not like the Nazis of World War II. Although they maintain the same practice of recruiting young, the reject many “traditional” Nazi ideas—for instance, while the Nazis of WWII Germany were proud to have discovered the “ultimate solution,” Nazis of today deny the Holocaust even happened. Nazism is becoming more linked with mysticism as well as Odinism as time goes on.

The biggest thing connecting Odinism with Nazism is the fact that Nazism is shedding its nationalist focus in favor of a racial one. While Hitler spoke of the German People, Nazis employing Odinism today speak of the White Race or Norse People—attributes that can span countries, even continents. With the ultimate goal of a transcontinental white only country, this is an important move to make.

Odinism and Nazism are clearly not mutually exclusive, and have a developing relationship that will have an important impact on the direction that the white supremacy movement takes over the next decade

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Philosophy Of Religion

India is a land of numerous idols. This land is refuge to one of the oldest human civilization and a number of religions, philosophy, radical thoughts. Not only India, but we find the tendency to give form to God as idols, to make God manifest in so many forms in all age-old civilizations across Central America, South America, Africa, Australia, China to where not.

Personally I see making and worshiping God in man made idols as an urge to bring god-consciousness in a visible form. Worshiping God in idol form was an easy way to express THAT, Which is incomprehensible. It is a very weak but significant effort to give an image or representation to God at a time when even human language was not developed enough.

Science talk about physical evolution, but there is a more important evolution for collective human race, which is our mental evolution. Evolution of our collective human consciousness. We see this evolution also in religious understanding. Perhaps the example of Prophet Abraham, the father of monotheism is best in understanding the evolution of our understanding of God. He saw Sun and took it as God and worshiped. At the set of the sun, he rejected sun as God and took moon as God. Then moon also passed by. Then he realized neither the sun, nor the moon is God. But rather it is the Creator of Sun and Moon, Who is the only worthy of worship. Its a simple but sure enough image to understand how humanity evolved in mental projection of the idea of God.

Our thoughts, expression, understanding and ability to grasp more - are all under this great evolution. What the pre-historic cave-men could understand is much different than a man of 21st century. It is as true for the ability to do maths, as for the ability to realize God idea. Thus men took the signs of God, such as a big tree, a big mountain and worshiped it. Even today in Africa people do worship big trees, in Australia the Aboriginal People worship big mountains.

Now one might think, wow! how come they worship a mountain and show devotion to it! We read in Quran where God speak that even mountains are signs of God: Surely the Safa and the Marwa are among the signs appointed by God; so whoever makes a pilgrimage to the House (Kaba) or pays a visit (to it), there is no sin for him if he goes round them both; and whoever does good spontaneously, then surely God is Grateful, Knowing. (The Quran 002.158)

Although Islam, as Judaism is very much against any kind of idol worshiping or adoration of icons; it does acknowledge the fact that devotion to signs of God are nothing but devotion to God Himself. Thus the worshiper of God in form - in the outer reality they worship a form, a sign; but in greater inner reality they all bow down to One God. It is the same for idol worship of ancient ages as well. The very idea of a transcendent God was beyond grasp at the earlier stages of human mental evolution. Thus it was an inner tendency for the ancient people to create a visible form so that mass can pray to that form, rather than an Invisible, Incomprehensible Transcendent Being. This visible form enabled people to express their devotion by offerings, to meditate and pray easily.

This human tendency to have a form even for God so that he or she can stand in front, can pray to - is a very ancient tendency. We find this evidence in Bible and Quran as well. The history of great Prophet Moses is one of such example. When Moses went to Mount Sinai to meditate on and pray to God (to speak with God, in another word), his own people grew impatient. And what did they wanted to do?

They wanted a visible form of God, Who in Reality is beyond form. People of Moses said, as we find in Quran: And remember ye said: "O Moses! We shall never believe in thee until we see God manifestly," but ye were dazed with thunder and lighting even as ye looked on. (The Quran, 002.055)

When Moses went for retreat, they wanted a visible God, so they made a idol that looked like something which they could comprehend. And that something was the form of a cow. There came to you Moses with clear (Signs); yet ye worshipped the calf (Even) after that, and ye did behave wrongfully. (The Quran 002.092)

Now when our collective human consciousness became mature enough to understand the message of God's transcendental Unity, it was proclaimed to turn back from all idols and turn to One and Only God. Then it became a wrongful behavior to neglect God's transcendental nature and to keep with the idol. Apart from theological implication, it also has social implication. Worshiping many form of gods (idols) in tribal culture proved to be dividing the humanity. And turning to One God universally was instrumental for many of men's achievement. Whole nation rose and changed themselves. Thus, proclaiming God's Oneness is a message to undivide, to bind humanity, which is more important than many other religious goals. Because when humanity realizes its unity, it realizes God's unity, the unity of one and only Reality.

[+] Please visit MysticSaint.Info For full multimedia experience and enjoy special music.

Blessings,
Sadiq

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A Irmandade De Odin In Portuguese

Book: A Irmandade De Odin In Portuguese by Mark Mirabello

O Odinismo tambem conhecido como "Asatru" (termo islandes para "Lealdade aos Deuses") e, em sua encarnacao moderna, a tentativa de reconstruir o mais fielmente possivel a antiga religiao Nordica. Devido a falta de textos, artefatos ou templos sobreviventes alguns detalhes estao para sempre perdidos. Para preencher esses detalhes, os adeptos tem que recorrer a pesquisas arqueologicas, trabalhos academicos e textos sobreviventes. As principais fontes literarias sao as Sagas islandesas e vikings, bem como os textos conhecidos como "Eddas" (existem duas versoes o chamado "Edda Poetico" e o "Edda em Prosa"). Embora nao tenham o Status de "livros sagrados" ou "revelacoes" esses trabalhos nos dao as informacoes mais importantes sobre as crencas e os principais deuses venerados na epoca dos Vikings. De uma certa maneira, A Irmandade de Odin, e uma rendicao moderna do conteudo dos Eddas. Mas e muito mais do que isso.

As primeiras manifestacoes publicas dessa nova/antiga fe em nossos tempos aconteceram em 1960, na islandia. O livro que voce agora tem em maos nos da, entretanto, uma nova e desconcertante visao: o Odinismo nao apenas teria sobrevivido a furia das conversoes cristas no norte da Europa como tornou-se uma religiao clandestina, preservando suas crencas e iniciando seus membros desde 1421. A palavra "iniciando" deve ser tomada em seu sentido esoterico: um grupo de guerreiros, homens e mulheres extraordinarios, teriam fundado uma sociedade secreta que preservou rituais poderosos e um conhecimento incomum sobre os deuses e deusas dos povos nordicos.

Mesmo que o leitor nao possa aceitar as crencas descritas neste livro (e a propria tendencia em ver as informacoes aqui contidas como "alegoricas" e visto como um sinal de decadencia de nosso mundo atual), acredito que ele nao saira intocado pela forca e brilho do tipo de ser humano que e valorizado pela irmandade. Mesmo que nao se possa aceitar a existencia da irmandade de Odin tal como descrita aqui, e impossivel negar que mais do que nunca precisamos do espirito e da visao que esta por tras da irmandade. Se o leitor conseguir incorporar em si esse espirito, entao pelo menos um dos objetivos da irmandade de Odin ja tera sido atingido.

Gostaria de agradecer as pessoas que tornaram essa traducao possivel: Em primeiro lugar, ao Dr. Mark Mirabello por sua imediata adesao e suporte a ideia de traduzir seu trabalho para o Portugues. Aos meus irmaos e irmas Odinistas (alguns deles membros da irmandade) que me apoiaram, incentivaram e responderam as minhas diversas duvidas ao longo do processo. E finalmente, mas nao menos importante, a minha esposa, Raquel, que faz todas as coisas valerem a pena. - Marcos Rogerio Estevam

Download Mark Mirabello's eBook: A Irmandade De Odin In Portuguese

Books in PDF format to read:

Stephanie Du Barry - The Witch And The Demoniac In Tudor And Stuart England
Miac - Asatru And Odinism
Aleister Crowley - Ahab And Other Poems
Mark Mirabello - La Hermandad De Odin In Spanish
Mark Mirabello - A Irmandade De Odin In Portuguese

Jera Rune

This Rune is connected with a fertile year or season, that is the period that can be in any way considered successful. The very concept of a fertile year or season is very important in insecure and unstable regions of Northern Europe. Moreover, a fertile year is of vital importance for its residents. Fertility can be viewed as a psychological state as well as a physical one. As a state of consciousness Jera signifies the beginning oh psychological progress that follows the state of stagnation (Isa). It is the beginning of spring that comes after winter and the lushness of life that was until recently blanketed with snow. Jera is also the reaping time, during which we collect the fruits of our own labours. It's also connected to the year's cycles – Sabaths, and any other type of cycle. Some Authors connect Jera to Karma, the laws of which always reward the ones who make an effort and punish the ones whose actions cause destruction and regression.

Divination:

Positive meaning: time of peace and prosperity, gathering the fruits of one's labour, progress.

Negative meaning: bad timing, regression, punishment.

Free eBooks (Can Be Downloaded):

Starhwak - The Spiral Dance
Lyall Watson - Supernature
Stephen Flowers - Black Runa
Karl Hans Welz - Armanen Runes
Samael Aun Weor - Magic Runes

God Bragi

Bragi is the God of Poetry and eloquence. The first maker of poetry, he is known for his exceptional beard as well. He is the husband of Idunna and can be counted on for poetic inspiration. From him comes the rite of Bragi's cup, where those performing the rite take turns to speak proudly of their accomplishments. We get the word bragging from this, but the Old Norse did not seem to necessarily see o'erweening ego in this practice. It seemed more their point of view that a person should be able to be honest in all things, to speak poorly of him or herself when deserved and to speak well of him or herself when deserved. False modesty seems to be looked at more as a form of hypocrisy and lying, as well as denoting a weak ego that needs a Certain kind of feeding.

Free e-books (can be downloaded):

Hrafnagaldr Odi - Odin Ravens Song
Phillip Williams - Night Magic
Aleister Crowley - World Tragedy

Asatru As An Ancient Religion

Without doubt, Asatru has its roots in Europe’s earliest history and beyond. The Gods and goddesses that are honored in Asatru are mentioned in the earliest writings across the millennia. Asatru, as an ancient religion, represents some of the earliest expressions of religious thought in Northern Europe and is probably as old as the Northern European branch of humanity itself. Concepts of holy places, feasts and sacrifices, the gods’ involvement in battle, land spirits, ancestral chains, Other Worlds and the nature and roles of the Gods and Goddesses have remained similar across all of recorded time.

Across time and place, stories of Earth Gods (Vanir) and Sky Gods (Aesir) have endured. Offerings to the Earth Gods, for good harvest go as far back as we know. Requesting the blessings from the Thunder God has also been constant. Usage of such symbolism as the Fylfot goes back to the Stone Age. However, despite that fact that the Gods, Goddesses and practices of Asatru are ancient, there were many regional variations and emphases. Therefore, Asatru although ancient hasn’t been static in time or place.

Books in PDF format to read:

Moses Gaster - The Sword Of Moses An Ancient Hebrew Aramaic Book Of Magic
Marcus Cordey - Magical Theory And Tradition
Reeves Hall - Asatru In Brief

Tradition Versus Reality

Last Sunday we gave a presentation at the local fellowship of the Unitarian-Universalist Association. The congregation there, small but select, is accustomed to honoring the directions at the beginning of each Sunday service. They do it in the traditional way, with Air in the east, Earth in the north, and the rest of it; so we decided to try on them a new way of honoring. We had attendees do the calling, taking turns around the circle (deosil, of course). Instead of the whole congregation singly doing it, we had three in turn, around the circle, honor each direction. Just to give them some ideas to push against, we passed out copies of a crib sheet like the one at the bottom of this posting.

We started with Mother Earth, below; after all, we do stand on the earth. Then we put Water in the east because the largest body of water near Beckley (where we met) is the New River, flowing east of the meeting site. We put Fire in the south because we were in the northern hemisphere. Air went in the west because here in the States that's where our air mostly flows from. (At least that's what the weather channel leads us to believe.) In the north we put Old Age and Ancestors. Overhead we put Father Sky and the Universe. In the center we put Spirit, for seven directions in all.

Two interesting things came out of this.

1. The various directions elicited a stunning range of responses and personal associations. After a hesitant beginning with earth, attendees came up with fascinating and moving thoughts about each direction.

2. The people really liked the approach. Every adult present, without exception, had something personal to say about various directions. Indeed, they asked afterward that we do it again, and even perhaps write it up for the UU national bulletin. We came to realize how involved they had become in this one little part of the presentation.

The question, then, is this :

In general, in our own pagan/Wiccan circles, are we right to follow the old traditional way that was developed in Europe, much of it in times long gone? Or should we seriously think about letting attendees at circle put their own flavor into the ritual?

Give us feedback, please; many aspects of life could do with some updating and/or improvement.

Earth - our mother -- the solid ground from which we all come

east - water, adaptability; takes on the shape of its container

south - fire, passion, not indifference

west - air, mental -- here new ideas come in on the wind

north - remembrance -- good times and old people who have gone before

Sky - our father -- the sky over us all

spirit - spiritual aspect of relationships; without a spiritual match, all is lost.

Call Of Ancient Scandinavian Valkyries

VALKYRIE ON HORSE

Statue of a warlike valkyrie, riding a horse and carrying a spear. Labeled as "SINDING VALKYRIE" and located in a roadside park in Copenhagen, Denmark.~Belief in the existence of magic horsewomen from heaven, the Valkyries, was widespread in Scandinavia and Germanic cultures, though they were called by different names. ~A lot can be learned from unrevised, true history... oh, little things like understanding how America was formed might help confused Americans understand why the current regime's policies won't work.... But I digress... ~

The older I get, the more I find ancient history quite interesting especially Celtic, Scandinavian and Nordic. Since my genetic background contains Scandinavian blood, this might explain the proclivity for my interest - and without going into the whole "nature versus nuture" argument, I think there is a little Viking fighter in my genes... perhaps even a little Valkyrie.~

Valkyrie 1865 ~

Text below is all from Celtic Attic: ~

Vikings

The Vikings were the early medieval descendants of stone-aged people who migrated northward from the desert regions of the middle east into northern Europe, sometime around the end of the last ice age. Like most stone-age cultures at that time, these people created a religion of sorts, to help them explain the world and their place in it.~

The ancient Scandinavians found themselves in a rugged land of great seasonal contrasts. Summers, marked by a mid-night sun, were short but warm. Winters were long and cold and frequented by storms off the frigid North Atlantic. During the endless winter nights, the skies were illuminated by the dancing lights of the Aurora Borealis. Viking myths clearly reflected this world and their struggles to survive in it. To make sense of their surroundings, the ancient ancestors of the Vikings created a series of deities. They imagined that their world was fashioned by powerful gods whose presence was evident in every natural force they experienced and in the fortunes and misfortunes of their daily lives. Viking Religion ~

Without the benefit of science to explain the world around them, the Vikings must have felt like they were living in a very mysterious place. To explain their world- its thunder and lightning, clouds, frost, dew, storms, ice, fire and changing seasons- the Vikings created a series of religious beliefs we call paganism. What the Vikings saw in the natural world was in some way controlled by the actions of a series of gods and goddesses. These deities lived in a heavenly realm called Asgard. But, they often visited the earth and played a role in the destiny of every Viking life. Today, these pagan gods and goddesses are part of Viking mythology. ~

One group of characters in Viking mythology (and in the mythology of the Celts of Ireland) were the Valkyrie. They are depicted on Viking pendants and amulets and are mentioned in Viking poems called Eddas. Their story is truly a fascinating one!

BATTLE-MAIDENS ~In Old Norse, the word Valkyrjr, means "choosers of the slain". In Viking mythology, the Valkyrie were the nine daughters of Odin. At his wish, they flew their horses over Viking battlefields and choose who would die in the coming battle. After the carnage was over, they returned to the battlefield as a raven and selected the souls of half the warriors who had died an heroic death. (Crows often appeared after a battle to pick at the bodies of the dead.) The Valkyrie carried these souls to Valhalla - Odin's banquet hall in the heavenly realm of Asgard. The remaining heroic souls were taken by a Viking goddess named Freya as she passed over the battlefield in her cat-drawn chariot. The Valkyrie also rode over the sea to snatch dying Vikings from their doomed longships.

~The Valkyrie were depicted as young, beautiful, but fierce women who dressed in full armor only when riding their horses. They did not, however, engage in battle themselves. Odin's maidens ~ Upon arriving in Valhalla, the Valkyrie replaced their armor with long white robes. They greeted the soul of each slain warrior with a horn of mead- the honey sweet drink of the Viking gods served in a bull's horn. The warriors then feasted on boar and trained as members of Odin's army. The wounds inflicted during these training battles miraculously disappeared at the beginning of each meal. ~

Swan-maidens and Wish Maidens ~ The Valkyrie were also known as swan-maidens. When they weren't collecting souls and welcoming slain warriors into Valhalla, they dressed in a cloak of swan feathers and flew to the earth to bathe in its cool streams. Norse myths said that if a man could catch and hold a swan or get a swan cloak, the Valkyrie could grant him a wish or become his wife. After nine years of marriage, she was free to return to Asgard. ~ The Valkyrie in Viking Jewelry ~ The image of Valkryie often depicts: long flowing robe, the horn of mead in her hand, the torc (a kind of neck ring) and the bangles around her wrist. Called amulets, these kinds of pendants were worn for protection. A Valkyrie worn by a Viking warrior was meant to protect the warrior in battle. It would, he believed, help him to be brave in death and help guarantee his soul a place in Valhalla.

~Clouds, Dew and Northern Lights ~ Many Norse myths contain stories of their gods. Some of these stories are tales of the adventures of their gods. Others are the Vikings' attempt to explain the world around them. Lightning, for example was explained using the god Thor and his mighty hammer. Wind and storms were caused by a swift pass of their god Odin while riding his eight-legged horse through the air. The Vikings also used the Valkyries to explain certain weather conditions. To the Norse, the Valkyries' horses were white clouds, lightning came from their gleaming swords and dew and frost from their horses' manes. The Vikings also believed that if the Valkyries rode at night, the glistening of their armor created the Aurora Borealis (the Northern Lights), the dancing lights that appear in the night sky in the northern regions of the earth the Vikings called home.

~

Legacy of the Valkyrie

The legacy of the Valkyrie lives on in the word "valour", a reference to heroism in battle.

~

In summary, when people like Lt. Col. Allen West start calling for battle, I will channel my inner Valkyrie, pick up a sword and stand beside him... ready

BATTLE ON

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Asatru In Brief

Book: Asatru In Brief by Reeves Hall

Although there are many variations in beliefs and practices within this faith, Asatruers all share a defining personal loyalty to, or "Troth" with, the Gods and goddesses of the North, such as Odin, Thor, Frigga, the land wights (spirits), and many others; a deep respect for their Germanic religious, cultural and Historical heritage; and a strong determination to practice the moral Principles followed by their predecessors.

Asatruers take their knowledge of the gods and the universe from "the lore" (the Prose Edda, the poems of the Poetic Edda, heroic and family sagas, the historical record, and folklore); from science (history, anthropology, linguistics, archaeology, etc.); and from their own analysis, insights, and revelations.

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Yule Celebrations In Iceland

Yule or Yule-tide is a winter festival that was initially celebrated by the Historical Germanic peoples as a pagan religious festival, though it was later absorbed into, and equated with, the Christian festival of Christmas. The festival was originally celebrated from late December to early January on a date determined by the lunar Germanic calendar. The festival was placed on December 25 when the Christian calendar (Julian calendar) was adopted. Some historians claim that the celebration is connected to the Wild Hunt or was influenced by Saturnalia, the Roman winter festival.

Terms with an etymological equivalent to “Yule” are still used in the Nordic Countries for the Christian Christmas, but also for other religious holidays of the season. In modern times this has gradually led to a more secular Tradition under the same name as Christmas. Yule is also used to a lesser extent in English-speaking countries to refer to Christmas. Customs such as the Yule log, Yule goat, Yule boar, Yule singing, and others stem from Yule. In modern times, Yule is observed as a cultural festival and also with religious rites by some Christians and by some Neopagans.

The peak of Icelandic jol is when presents are exchanged on adfangadagskvold, the evening of December 24, then the gifts are given. It is a custom to eat hamborgarhryggur (smoked pork loin) or rock ptarmigan. Before Christmas some people cut patterns into laufabraud (e. leaf bread) and bake piparkokur (e. ginger biscuits).

On ?orlaksmessa (mass of Saint Thorlakur), December 23, there is a tradition (originally from the Westfjords) to serve fermented skata (stingray) with melted tallow and boiled potatoes. Boiling the Christmas hangikjot (smoked leg or shoulder of lamb) on ?orlaksmessa evening is said to dispel the strong smell which otherwise tends to linger around the house for days. The hangikjot and laufabraud are usually served at Christmas Day, December 25.

Unlike other countries there are 13 traditional jolasveinar Yule Lads that play the same role as the Santa Claus. The first one comes to town from the mountains December 11 and the last one arrives 13 days later on December 24. Children leave their shoe in the window and the Yule Lads leave something in the shoe when they arrive in town. If the children are naughty they might get a potato but if they are nice they might get something good, like candy, an apple or a toy. The Yule Lads all carry a specific name that describes his actions. For instance, the sixth one is Pot-Scraper and what he does best is to scrape leftovers from pots.

December 26 is generally reserved for family gatherings. It involves a lot of eating with relatives, usually with cousins and aunts and uncles.

Books in PDF format to read:

Simon - The Complete Simon Necronomicon
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Stephen Flowers - The Galdrabok An Icelandic Grimoire

How To Use Magic And Runes

PSYCHIC SELF EXPLANATION - HOW TO USE MAGIC AND RUNES

To understand how to strengthen the aura of a person, the nature of aggression psychic and magic is to be understood.

The pagan art that uses the will to effect change is called magic. The magic of the idea, according to popular literature, is the ability that allows a person to use the toll of magic rituals and symbols as opposed to laws such as chemistry and physics. Although it is an art that is related to magic as what is used by magicians and jugglers that deceive the eye, is not the same. Magic is the cause of many phenomena such as ESP, healing and astral projections mental, that are foreign and can not be explained. Magic is white or black above causes the occurrence of something good, while the second makes the occurrence of something bad.

psychic powers that are considered trash by scientists, just because science can not explain what is considered a paranormal phenomenon and is largely avoided by scientists. There are many who say they have developed powers such as these with the exploration of energy fields of the astral world which have not yet been identified or quantified by modern science. These skills include psychic means, healers, and soothsayers detectives. As in its operation in any other manner energy, astral energy building must also pay a price.

For people who are familiar with the call of work internally, is known that the psychological effects caused are sent through the subconscious mind to come into force. Therefore, the emergence of psychic attacks will be present if the mind of the person is attuned to the negative effects of mental activity. It also occurs if the mind is open to attack by malicious items world astral. This can cause very bad effects and whether these attacks are not stopped by the mental self, the consequences can be even worse.

I psychically defense can be developed by increasing the strength of the aura and psychic abilities are primarily focused on the mind of an individual. The aura of a person focuses so similar and shows a glow that encompasses the essence of a person and is regarded as a reflection of a persons spiritual state. To strengthen your aura, a person must do visualization.

One of the suggested exercises is to conjure a triple white flame of fire in the heart that expands and wraps the body of the magician in a balloon. No negative thought or imperfections are allowed as luminance is that it is pure and attract positive forces himself and thus the aura and strengthens. It is a kind of magic and is called as a guard, while making a sphere of protection or a protection balloon plot. People also suggest to take the blue or white magic of the land so that the energy expended by oneself is less and help in making a powerful field.

The other ways of increasing psychological self-defense is the use of runes which are symbols or signs that have specific uses. For the protection of a person or an object, the rune Elk, also known as the Elhaz Algiz or rooms used and negative thoughts and the peace of mind increases. A person with a peaceful mind will have a strong aura auras reflect the welfare of ones mind. For those who do not start, the aura and psychic self-defense sound like nonsense. However, we must admit that not everything can be explained today. For people who are trained to know about the paranormal, psychic elements can affect and influence their welfare. It is for their own welfare to be protected. Even for people who are skeptical about this, positive thinking and strengthening the eyes of aura as indeed is a reasonable proposal.

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Germanic And Celtic Gods And Goddesses

The Celtic Lugh and our own Odin are much the same. Odin is father of the Gods, keeps two ravens, carries a magic spear, and has one eye. Lugh is first in the Celtic family of Gods, is linked with ravens, carries the Spear of Victory, and closes one eye when he performs fantastic deeds on the battlefield.

The Nordic Thor, whose name means "Thunderer", prizes his mighty hammer. He rides about the heavens, laughing in his red beard, in a wagon pulled by supernatural goats. Taranis of the Celts, whose name also means "Thunderer", drives a chariot behind sacred bulls. He wields the thunderbolt, whose name in the old Gaelic tongue derives from the same Indo-European root as the name of Thor's hammer, Mjolnir. Taranis, too, is pictured as having a flowing red mane.

Tyr, as our tales tell, lost his hand binding Fenris the wolf. He used to be the Sky God, scholars say, until Odin took his place. The Celtic Nuada lost his arm in battle against the Fomorians, and so Lugh - the Celtic equivalent of Odin - became leader of the Gods.

In the domain of fertility and plenty, our own Frey rules supreme among Asafolk. One of his favorite beasts is the horse, which just happens to also be sacred to Dagda, "the good God", who is Frey's Celtic equivalent.

Other divine beings...

Giants? The Celts have them just as Asafolk do; they're called the Fomorians, and the Celtic Gods battle mightily against them. Moreover, the role they play is pretty much the same - representing the forces of inertia and entropy in the cosmos.

Valkyries find their reflection in the Morrigan, fierce Goddesses of the battlefield who grant victory, spin the fates of war, and serve the heroes in the afterlife. This twin aspect - fiends of blood and death on the one hand, enticing lovers on the other - is found in both cultures. Similarly, both Celtic and Germanic sagas tell of supernatural women warriors who instruct and initiate the chosen heroes. Brynhild teaches Sigurd hidden magical lore, and the female chieftain Scathach ("Shadow") takes the Irish Cu Chulain under her care and makes him the warrior he is destined to become. It is probably no accident that Sigurdand Cu Chulain are descended from Odin and Lugh, respectively.

Consider the "lesser" beings, the ones that seldom figure in myth and poetry, but who make the life of the common man and woman more bearable. The land spirits, for example, are alike in both cultures. Elf lore, and the connections of these wights to the ancestors, was recognizably the same to the ancient Teuton and his or her Celtic contemporaries

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Viking Attacks On Europe Were Self Defence Scholar Writes

A new theory about what drove the Vikings to raid Western Europe in the late eight and ninth centuries has been published. It suggests that the Vikings in Denmark were reacting to a threat from the Carolingian ruler Charlemagne, who was seeking to destroy their society and impose Christianity on them.

The theory was put forward by Robert Ferguson in an article for the December 2009 issue of BBC History Magazine. His book, The Hammer and the Cross: A New History of the Vikings, was also published in November.

Starting in the 790s, Viking ships began raiding throughout Western Europe and the British Isles, often targeting monasteries. Ferguson points out that peaceful contacts between the Norse peoples and Christian societies, such as trading with each other. He therefore asks why did the Viking attacks begin when they did?

But with the accession of Charlemagne in 771, the Carolingians began to implement a new program of converting their pagan and neighbors and promoting Christianity. Charlemagne launched numerous invasions of the Saxon peoples led by Widukind.

In a podcast interview, Ferguson adds the goals of Charlemagne were to force the Saxons "to abandon their culture, political system, beliefs and everything, and make them part Christians and part of his empire."

Ferguson notes an episode of "ethnic-cleansing:" when, in 782, Charlemangne's armies forcibly baptised and then executed 4,500 Saxon captives at Verden, a town close to Denmark. The Danes would have been well aware of what was happening with the Saxons anyways, as Widukind was married to sister of the Danish king, Sigfrid, and often took refuge in Denmark to escape the Carolingians.

Considering the situation, Ferguson writes, "Should the Vikings simply wait for Charlemagne's armies to arrive and set about the task? Or should they fight to defend their culture?"

But the Norse could not fight the Carolingian military directly - instead they went after soft-targets, such as monasteries, which were symbols of the growing Christian encroachment. Ferguson says, "everything points to a hatred that goes beyond just robbers who just wanted money."

The article goes on to describe these early Viking attacks, and how their raids expanded throughout Europe, with Viking kingdoms developing on the British Isles and elsewhere.

Several other explanations have been put forward for Viking violence, such as innovations in shipbuilding which encouraged piracy, and overpopulation in Scandinavia, which forced many of its people to leave their homeland in search of fortune.

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Futhark A Handbooks Of Rune Magic

Book: Futhark A Handbooks Of Rune Magic by Edred Thorsson

Complete book of rune instruction including definitions of the 24 Runes of the Elder Futhark. Includes discussion of phonetic values, derivation and magical qualities of each rune, as well as exercises, chants, rituals, all geared for self-development.

This book is written by a very experienced historical linguist and practicing Norse pagan. The former means he won't miss any known information about the runes, but unfortunately the latter means that he has lots of speculative material of the own which he mixes in with his scholarship. This wouldn't be so bad, but he rarely bothers to tell you which is which, so if you want to know the strictly historical facts about the runes, this is definitely NOT your book.

"Futhark" remains the best available introduction to Rune magic. While one should read from many sources (including other works by the same author), this work holds the kernel of all the techniques one needs to follow and practice the path of Rune Work. Much has been written concerning Thorsson's/Flower's adherence to other cults and it must be admitted that this led to schism between the author and the Odinic Rite. Personally, I believe that what Edred gets up to elsewhere is his affair. Technically speaking, this book is still the best introduction. If you are seriously interested in the runes, read it.

Edred Thorsson whose real name is Stephen Edred Flowers (a well known academic) has become a contraversial figure within Asatru/Heathenism and Academic Runology due to his Setian/Satanic memberships and Odian veiws. However this book, his first to be published on the runes, was written whilst he was a member of the Asatru Free Assembly and the Odinic Rite UK so some of the ideas in this book reflect this. The book is mostly a combination of Armanen rune lore mixed with Asatru/Odinism and Neo-Pagan magical practices plus academic runology. For a beginner in rune study, a difficult book to separate fact from fiction. For an advanced student, if you can already seperate the false from fact, you won't need this book! Probably a book better suited to those who want to study Armanen Rune Yoga in an 'Elder FUTHARK' and Neo Pagan/New Age format.

Buy Edred Thorsson's book: Futhark A Handbooks Of Rune Magic

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Goddess Eir

Eir is the Norse Goddess of healing. She is skilled with herbs and magic and can even raise the dead. She can be Called on to help in Times of sickness.

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How Wiccans Celebrate Yule

In most forms of Wicca, this holiday is celebrated at the winter solstice as the rebirth of the Great horned hunter God, who is viewed as the newborn solstice sun. The method of gathering for this sabbat varies by practitioner. Some have private ceremonies at home, while others do so with their covens. Yule festivities for modern wiccans and neopagans involve the burning of the Yule log on an open fire to honour the lord Cernunnos or the Horned God; the log is decorated with holly and other symbolic paraphernalia. Also during the many wiccan Yule rituals, the Oak King defeats the Holly King. This signifies the changes in the season.

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Asatru As A Spiritual Way

Spirituality arises from our knowledge of our self and the universe and our place in the universe while attaining a comfort with this reality. It is the feeling one gets as one sees meaningful patterns, completeness and purpose in ones life and actions.

Asatru, with its many different facets offers a strongly spiritual way. It can bring meaning and significance to our life through its lore and rituals. From these, we gain realizations about and experience enduring patterns of time. We gain better understanding of ourselves by understanding these cycles of time and through knowing the intergenerational realities of ancestry and folk. As we venerate and accept these cycles of life we see purpose in our existence. As we understand ancestral and folk patterns, we come to understand that we have a place and a role in time.

The seriousness and reverence of our rituals and ceremonies can be strong tools in helping us experience our spirituality. Whether through our own runic meditations, community blots, observing the growth of the young, studying our cosmology and psychology or through a myriad other activities, we gain deeper understanding of the enduring patterns in the universe and bring about a spiritual peace.

In this way, as we study the lore, ourselves, and understand our role in Asatru, we come to know the nature of the universe and find deep meaning in the center of our soul.

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Uruz Rune

Uruz signifies the ancient beast aurox, similar to a buffalo. In his work De Bello Gallico, Julius Caesar described these animals as smaller than an elephant, the shape and colour of a bull. They were Extremely strong, swift and dangerous beasts of Northern Europe that are now, unfortunately, extinct; the easiest way to hunt them down was by covered holes in the ground. The proof of a caught animal were the enormous horns that were later used for drinking. Aurox is a symbol of wild, untamed nature as well as raw natural strength. But this strength can be tamed and used, so Uruz, among others, is also the Rune of the hunter.
As we already know, in the olden days hunting was an exam of maturity and a sort of initiation; all these aspects are contained in Uruz. It's also the sexual energy as a primary force of nature. Besides the aurox, Uruz is als Connected to Audhumla, the cosmic cow that created life in our Universe. Uruz is used to reawaken energy, especially in people who's lacking in energy (a sick of depressed person). This Rune can also be used to bolster one's will.

Divination:

Positive meaning: strength, potential, freedom, acitivity, health.

Negative meaning: weakness, misdirected strength, disease, violence, rashness.

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Odinism In White Supremacist Tattoos

Tattoos are an increasingly popular way to express beliefs and identity—and those within the Odinic white supremacist movement are no exception to this trend. White supremacy message boards and websites over flow with advice about where and what kinds of tattoos to get to express belief in the supremacy of white people. Advice ranges from the more conservative end of the spectrum—warnings to get the tattoos in places easy to hide in case one is pulled over or simply wants to lay low in his supremacist beliefs—to people encouraging others to be loud and proud about their heritage. Many of their designs combine traditional Norse images (such as Thor’s hammer or Odin’s ravens, even runes) with more modern white supremacist themes (swastikas or even the symbols of various white supremacist groups). Some recommend simply Norse-themed tattoos without any other obvious symbols as a way to fly under radar—other white supremacists will recognize the message, while people not in the loop will simply see a cool design.

The following tattoos were all pictures posted on vairous white supremacist message boards or websites as examples of tattoos that would show racial pride and a belief in the inherent supremacy of white people. They all contain elements of Norse mythology and belief in a warrior culture.

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Heathen Ethics And Values Some Frequently Asked Questions

Book: Heathen Ethics And Values Some Frequently Asked Questions by The Troth

Too often, the stereotype of Heathens is of an anarchic group of Viking raiders, with no ethical standards other than "might makes right." The truth is quite different.

Heathens do not believe in "original sin." We can and do choose to do right or wrong—but the idea that we are inherently flawed, and can only become worthy by humbly accepting divine grace that we can never truly deserve, makes no sense in a heathen context. Our Gods don’t rule us through our guilt—they don’t need to. Instead, we have the strength and ability—and also the duty—to act wisely, take responsibility for our actions, and become worthy of our Gods and ancestors. Our ethics are ultimately founded in personal responsibility, and in reciprocal obligations to one’s community. They are not a long list of "thou shalt nots" to be followed blindly. They are intended to help us grow in strength and wisdom. No less importantly, they are meant to guide us in forming strong relationships and strong communities, in frith and troth both among ourselves and with our Gods.

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The Arctic Home In The Vedas

Book: The Arctic Home In The Vedas by Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak

On the occasion of the birth centenary of Lok. B. G. TILAK, we have the proud privilege to offer to the discriminating readers this 2nd reprint of his famous work “The Arctic Home In The Vedas,” published by the Author in 1903 and reprinted in 1925 (J. S. TILAK)

The present volume is a sequel to my Orion or Researches into the Antiquity of the Vedas, published in 1893. The estimate of Vedic antiquity then generally current amongst Vedic scholars was based on the assignment of arbitrary period of time to the different strata into which the Vedic literature is divided; and it was believed that the oldest of these strata could not, at the best, be older than 2400 B.C. In my Orion, however, I tried to show that all such estimates, besides being too modest, were vague and uncertain, and that the astronomical statements found in the Vedic literature supplied us with far more reliable data for correctly ascertaining the ages of the different periods of Vedic literature. These astronomical statements, it was further shown, unmistakably pointed out that the Vernal equinox was in the constellation of M?iga or Orion (about 4500 B.C.) during the period of the Vedic hymns, and that it had receded to the constellation of the K?ittikas, or the Pleiades (about 2500 B.C.) in the days of the Brahmanas. Naturally enough these results were, at first, received by scholars in a skeptical spirit. But my position was strengthened when it was found that Dr. Jacobi, of Bonn, had independently arrived at the same conclusion, and, soon after, scholars like Prof. Bloomfield, M. Barth, the late Dr. Bulher and others, more or less freely, acknowledged the force of my arguments.

Dr. Thibaut, the late Dr. Whitney and a few others were, however, of opinion that the evidence adduced by me was not conclusive. But the subsequent discovery, by my friend the late Mr. S. B. Dixit, of a passage in the Shatapatha Brahmana, plainly stating that the Kaittikas never swerved, in those days, from the due east i.e., the Vernal equinox, has served to dispel all lingering doubts regarding the age of the Brahmanas; while another Indian astronomer, Mr. V. B. Ketkar, in a recent number of the Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, has mathematically worked out the statement in the Taittiriya Brahmana (III, 1, 1, 5), that Boihaspati, or the planet Jupiter, was first discovered when confronting or nearly occulting the star Tishya, and shown that the observation was possible only at about 4650 B.C., thereby remarkably confirming my estimate of the oldest period of Vedic literature. After this, the high antiquity of the oldest Vedic period may, I think, be now taken as fairly established. (Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak)

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